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| electrical_engineering_and_electronics_1:block24 [2025/12/13 16:17] – angelegt mexleadmin | electrical_engineering_and_electronics_1:block24 [2025/12/15 00:03] (aktuell) – mexleadmin | ||
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| After this 90-minute block, you can | After this 90-minute block, you can | ||
| - | * ... | + | * connect the different negative-feedback op-amp circuits (Blocks 21–23) into a coherent system view. |
| + | * explain how negative feedback determines gain, impedance, and linearity in practical op-amp circuits. | ||
| + | * select an appropriate op-amp circuit (buffer, amplifier, summing, differential, | ||
| + | * analyze complete signal chains consisting of several op-amp stages. | ||
| + | * recognize practical limitations of real op-amp circuits (supply rails, saturation, loading, offsets). | ||
| + | * interpret op-amp circuits as signal converters (voltage–voltage, | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | ===== Preparation at Home ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | Well, again | ||
| - | * read through the present chapter and write down anything you did not understand. | ||
| - | * Also here, there are some clips for more clarification under ' | ||
| - | |||
| - | For checking your understanding please do the following exercises: | ||
| - | * ... | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== 90-minute plan ===== | ||
| - | - Warm-up (x min): | ||
| - | - .... | ||
| - | - Core concepts & derivations (x min): | ||
| - | - ... | ||
| - | - Practice (x min): ... | ||
| - | - Wrap-up (x min): Summary box; common pitfalls checklist. | ||
| ===== Conceptual overview ===== | ===== Conceptual overview ===== | ||
| <callout icon=" | <callout icon=" | ||
| - | - ... | + | |
| + | a high-gain amplifier whose output is fed back in a controlled way. | ||
| + | * Negative feedback forces the differential input voltage $U_{\rm D}$ to become very small, which makes the circuit behavior depend almost entirely on external components, not on the op-amp itself. | ||
| + | * Resistors do not merely “limit current” here — they define signal relationships (ratios, sums, differences). | ||
| + | * Many circuits that look different (buffer, amplifier, converter) are mathematically and conceptually closely related. | ||
| + | * Thinking in terms of signal flow and conversion is the key step from circuit theory to real engineering applications. | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| ===== Core content ===== | ===== Core content ===== | ||
| - | ... | + | ==== From individual circuits to a system ==== |
| + | |||
| + | In [[Block21]], | ||
| + | At first glance, these circuits may appear unrelated. \\ However, they can all be understood as special cases of the same feedback principle. | ||
| + | |||
| + | A practical electronic system rarely uses just one op-amp stage. Instead, several stages are cascaded, each fulfilling a specific role: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Input stage: impedance matching (voltage follower). | ||
| + | * Scaling stage: amplification or attenuation (inverting / non-inverting). | ||
| + | * Combination stage: summing or subtraction (summing / differential amplifier). | ||
| + | * Interface stage: signal conversion (current–voltage or voltage–current). | ||
| + | |||
| + | Understanding why each stage is used is more important than memorizing formulas. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Negative feedback as an engineering tool ==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Negative feedback provides three essential properties simultaneously: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * **Defined gain** \\ The closed-loop gain depends on resistor ratios, not on $A_{\rm D}$. \\ \\ | ||
| + | * **Stability and linearity** \\ Small nonlinearities inside the op-amp are strongly suppressed. \\ \\ | ||
| + | * **Impedance shaping** \\ High input resistance and low output resistance can be achieved at the system level. | ||
| + | |||
| + | These properties explain why op-amps are ubiquitous in analog electronics. | ||
| - | ===== Common pitfalls | + | ==== Typical application patterns |
| - | * ... | + | |
| - | ===== Exercises ===== | + | Some recurring patterns appear across many applications: |
| - | ==== Worked examples ==== | + | |
| - | ... | + | * **Sensor readout** \\ Sensors often deliver currents or small voltages → transimpedance amplifier → voltage amplifier. \\ \\ |
| + | * **Signal conditioning** \\ Offset removal and scaling → differential amplifier + non-inverting amplifier. \\ \\ | ||
| + | * **Summation and mixing** \\ Multiple signals combined with weighting → summing amplifier. \\ \\ | ||
| + | * **Actuator drive** \\ Voltage command converted into controlled current → voltage-to-current converter. | ||
| - | ===== Embedded resources ===== | + | Recognizing these patterns allows fast interpretation of unfamiliar circuits. |
| - | <WRAP column half> | + | |
| - | Explanation (video): | + | |
| - | </ | + | |
| - | ~~PAGEBREAK~~ ~~CLEARFIX~~ | ||