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circuit_design:1_amplifier_basics [2023/03/27 12:48] – mexleadmincircuit_design:1_amplifier_basics [2023/12/16 01:12] (current) – [Bearbeiten - Panel] mexleadmin
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-====== 1. Amplifier Basics ======+====== 1 Amplifier Basics ======
  
-===== 1.0 What is circuit design? =====+===== 1.0 What is Circuit Design? =====
  
 <WRAP><panel type="default">  <WRAP><panel type="default"> 
 <imgcaption tablelabel| Overview of the different areas of electronics></imgcaption> <imgcaption tablelabel| Overview of the different areas of electronics></imgcaption>
-{{drawio>UebersichtElektronik}} 
 {{drawio>UebersichtElektronik.svg}} {{drawio>UebersichtElektronik.svg}}
 </panel></WRAP> </panel></WRAP>
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-===== 1.1 Amplifier - a black box is going to be specified =====+===== 1.1 Amplifier - a Black Box is going to be specified =====
  
 Before the amplifier is examined in more detail in the application, the interfaces and essential characteristics are to be dealt with first. Before the amplifier is examined in more detail in the application, the interfaces and essential characteristics are to be dealt with first.
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 <imgcaption pic1|Amplifier with source and load> <imgcaption pic1|Amplifier with source and load>
 </imgcaption> </imgcaption>
-{{drawio>Ersatzschaltbild_eines_Verstärkers_Blackbox}} 
 {{drawio>Ersatzschaltbild_eines_Verstärkers_Blackbox.svg}} {{drawio>Ersatzschaltbild_eines_Verstärkers_Blackbox.svg}}
 </panel></WRAP> </panel></WRAP>
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   - Ideally, no current flows into the amplifier on the input side.   - Ideally, no current flows into the amplifier on the input side.
   - The current on the output side depends on the connected load. If the load resistance is reduced with the help of the switch, the current increases. The amplifier thus tries to maintain the desired voltage.   - The current on the output side depends on the connected load. If the load resistance is reduced with the help of the switch, the current increases. The amplifier thus tries to maintain the desired voltage.
-  - On the output side of the amplifier, the current can flow in either direction. \\ The amplifier adjusts the current so that the amplified voltage $U_A=\pm 2.5V$ can be measured at the output.+  - On the output side of the amplifier, the current can flow in either direction. \\ The amplifier adjusts the current so that the amplified voltage $U_A=\pm 2.5~\rm V$ can be measured at the output.
 \\  \\ 
  
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 | Ratios                       ^ 1  | Spannungsverstärkung $A_{\rm V}$         | Voltage Amplification $A_{\rm V}$                          | $\large{A_{\rm V} =\frac{U_{\rm O}}{U_{\rm I}}}$   | | Ratios                       ^ 1  | Spannungsverstärkung $A_{\rm V}$         | Voltage Amplification $A_{\rm V}$                          | $\large{A_{\rm V} =\frac{U_{\rm O}}{U_{\rm I}}}$   |
 | :::                          ^ 2  | Stromverstärkung     $A_{\rm C}$         | Current Amplification $A_{\rm C}$                          | $\large{A_{\rm C} =\frac{I_{\rm O}}{I_{\rm I}}}$   | | :::                          ^ 2  | Stromverstärkung     $A_{\rm C}$         | Current Amplification $A_{\rm C}$                          | $\large{A_{\rm C} =\frac{I_{\rm O}}{I_{\rm I}}}$   |
-| :::                          ^ 3  | Übertragungswiderstand $R_{\rm ü}$       | Transmission Resistance, \\ Transimpedance $R_{\rm T}$     | $\large{R_{\rm T} =\frac{U_{\rm O}}{I_{\rm I}}}$   | +| :::                          ^ 3  | Übertragungswiderstand $R_{\rm ü}$       | Transfer Resistance, \\ Transimpedance $R_{\rm T}$     | $\large{R_{\rm T} =\frac{U_{\rm O}}{I_{\rm I}}}$   | 
-| :::                          ^ 4  | Übertragungsleitwert (Steilheit) $G, S$  | Transmission Conductance, \\ Transconductance (Slope) $S$  | $\large{G    = S  =\frac{I_{\rm O}}{U_{\rm I}}}$   |+| :::                          ^ 4  | Übertragungsleitwert (Steilheit) $G, S$  | Transfer Conductance, \\ Transconductance (Slope) $S$  | $\large{G    = S  =\frac{I_{\rm O}}{U_{\rm I}}}$   |
 | Input/Output Resistance      ^ 5  | Eingangswiderstand   $R_{\rm E}$         | Input Resistance  $R_{\rm I}$                              | $\large{R_{\rm I} =\frac{U_{\rm I}}{I_{\rm I}}}$   | | Input/Output Resistance      ^ 5  | Eingangswiderstand   $R_{\rm E}$         | Input Resistance  $R_{\rm I}$                              | $\large{R_{\rm I} =\frac{U_{\rm I}}{I_{\rm I}}}$   |
 | :::                          ^ 6  | Ausgangswiderstand   $R_{\rm A}$         | Output Resistance $R_{\rm O}$                      | $\large{R_{\rm O} =-\frac{\Delta U_{\rm O}}{\Delta I_{\rm O}}}$  | | :::                          ^ 6  | Ausgangswiderstand   $R_{\rm A}$         | Output Resistance $R_{\rm O}$                      | $\large{R_{\rm O} =-\frac{\Delta U_{\rm O}}{\Delta I_{\rm O}}}$  |
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 ~~PAGEBREAK~~ ~~CLEARFIX~~ ~~PAGEBREAK~~ ~~CLEARFIX~~
-==== Equivalent circuit diagram ====+==== Equivalent Circuit Diagram ====
  
 <WRAP><panel type="default">  <WRAP><panel type="default"> 
 <imgcaption pic2|Amplifier with source and load (with real voltage sources)> <imgcaption pic2|Amplifier with source and load (with real voltage sources)>
 </imgcaption> </imgcaption>
-{{drawio>Ersatzschaltbild_eines_Verstärkers}} 
 {{drawio>Ersatzschaltbild_eines_Verstärkers.svg}} {{drawio>Ersatzschaltbild_eines_Verstärkers.svg}}
 </panel></WRAP> </panel></WRAP>
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 {{tablelayout?colwidth=""}} {{tablelayout?colwidth=""}}
 ^ # ^ Amplifier              ^ Symbol                                  ^ $\boldsymbol{R_\rm I}$                 ^ $\boldsymbol{R_\rm O}$                 ^ gain ^ ^ # ^ Amplifier              ^ Symbol                                  ^ $\boldsymbol{R_\rm I}$                 ^ $\boldsymbol{R_\rm O}$                 ^ gain ^
-^ 1 | voltage amplifier            | {{drawio>voltageamp}}{{drawio>voltageamp.svg}}(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp)      | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow \infty}$(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp) | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow 0}$      | \\ $\large{A_{\rm V} =\frac{U_\rm O}{U_\rm I}}$ | +^ 1 | voltage amplifier            | {{drawio>voltageamp.svg}}(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp)      | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow \infty}$(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp) | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow 0}$      | \\ $\large{A_{\rm V} =\frac{U_\rm O}{U_\rm I}}$ | 
-^ 2 | current amplifier            | {{drawio>currentamp}}{{drawio>currentamp.svg}}       | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow 0}$       | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow \infty}$(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp)  | \\ $\large{A_{\rm C} =\frac{I_\rm O}{I_\rm I}}$  | +^ 2 | current amplifier            | {{drawio>currentamp.svg}}       | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow 0}$       | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow \infty}$(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp)(nbsp)  | \\ $\large{A_{\rm C} =\frac{I_\rm O}{I_\rm I}}$  | 
-^ 3 | current-to-voltage converter | {{drawio>voltagecurrconv}}{{drawio>voltagecurrconv.svg}}  | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow 0}$       | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow 0}$                               | \\ $\large{R_{\rm T} =\frac{U_\rm O}{I_\rm I}}$  | +^ 3 | current-to-voltage converter | {{drawio>voltagecurrconv.svg}}  | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow 0}$       | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow 0}$                               | \\ $\large{R_{\rm T} =\frac{U_\rm O}{I_\rm I}}$  | 
-^ 4 | voltage-to-current converter | {{drawio>currvoltageconv}}{{drawio>currvoltageconv.svg}}  | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow \infty}$  | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow \infty}$                          | \\ $\large{S =\frac{I_{\rm O}}{U_{\rm I}}}$    |+^ 4 | voltage-to-current converter | {{drawio>currvoltageconv.svg}}  | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow \infty}$  | \\ $ \large{\rightarrow \infty}$                          | \\ $\large{S =\frac{I_{\rm O}}{U_{\rm I}}}$    |
 </panel> </panel>
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
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 Now the **input resistance** $\boldsymbol{R_\rm I}$ and **output resistance** $\boldsymbol{R_\rm O}$ for ideal voltage amplifiers shall be considered in more detail.  Now the **input resistance** $\boldsymbol{R_\rm I}$ and **output resistance** $\boldsymbol{R_\rm O}$ for ideal voltage amplifiers shall be considered in more detail. 
-If a voltage is the input, the input resistance should load the source as little as possible so that the voltage to be measured does not drop (cf. <imgref pic2>). This can also be easily checked in the simulation of the real amplifier (see above). If the resistance of the load is increased there (double-click), it approaches the input resistance of the amplifier. If the value is set to $1 M \Omega $, the voltage drops by half. The source resistance is then equal to the input resistance of the amplifier. It is therefore important that the input resistance is as high as possible, or ideally tends towards infinity. \\ +If a voltage is the input, the input resistance should load the source as little as possible so that the voltage to be measured does not drop (cf. <imgref pic2>). This can also be easily checked in the simulation of the real amplifier (see above). If the resistance of the load is increased there (double-click), it approaches the input resistance of the amplifier. If the value is set to $1 ~\rm M \Omega $, the voltage drops by half. The source resistance is then equal to the input resistance of the amplifier. It is therefore important that the input resistance is as high as possible, or ideally tends towards infinity. \\ 
 A similar consideration can be made for the **output resistance** $\boldsymbol{R_\rm O}$. If a voltage is the output parameter, the output resistor must be dimensioned in such a way that the voltage at the load does not drop at the output either. The output resistance should be as small as possible so that the voltage drop there becomes low.\\ A similar consideration can be made for the **output resistance** $\boldsymbol{R_\rm O}$. If a voltage is the output parameter, the output resistor must be dimensioned in such a way that the voltage at the load does not drop at the output either. The output resistance should be as small as possible so that the voltage drop there becomes low.\\
  
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 <imgcaption pic3|Amplifier with source and load (with real current sources)> <imgcaption pic3|Amplifier with source and load (with real current sources)>
 </imgcaption> </imgcaption>
-{{drawio>Ersatzschaltbild_eines_Verstärkers_Stromquellen}} 
 {{drawio>Ersatzschaltbild_eines_Verstärkers_Stromquellen.svg}} {{drawio>Ersatzschaltbild_eines_Verstärkers_Stromquellen.svg}}
 </panel></WRAP> </panel></WRAP>
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 <imgcaption pic4|Block diagram of an amplifier with feedback> <imgcaption pic4|Block diagram of an amplifier with feedback>
 </imgcaption> </imgcaption>
-{{drawio>BlockschaltbildRueckkopplung}} 
 {{drawio>BlockschaltbildRueckkopplung.svg}} {{drawio>BlockschaltbildRueckkopplung.svg}}
 </panel></WRAP> </panel></WRAP>
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 {{page>exercise_sheet_2&nofooter}} {{page>exercise_sheet_2&nofooter}}
  
-====== Learning questions ======+====== Learning Questions ======
  
-=== for your self-study ===+=== for your Self-Study ===
   * What is the definition of an amplifier?   * What is the definition of an amplifier?
   * Explain with an example what is the essence of an amplifier.   * Explain with an example what is the essence of an amplifier.
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   * What is the difference between voltage gain and differential gain? Briefly describe the difference between $A_\rm V$ and $A_\rm D$.   * What is the difference between voltage gain and differential gain? Briefly describe the difference between $A_\rm V$ and $A_\rm D$.
   * How does $A_\rm D$ affect the output voltage $U_\rm O$ when there is no feedback in an op-amp circuit?   * How does $A_\rm D$ affect the output voltage $U_\rm O$ when there is no feedback in an op-amp circuit?
-  * What is the effect of $A_\rm D$ on the output voltage $U_\rm O$ when feedback is present in an op-amp circuit and $A_\rm D$ is increased from 100,000 to 200,000?+  * What is the effect of $A_\rm D$ on the output voltage $U_\rm O$ when feedback is present in an op-amp circuit and $A_\rm D$ is increased from $100'000$ to $200'000$?
   * At what value for k does the feedback become maximum?   * At what value for k does the feedback become maximum?
   * What values can k take for a passive feedback amplifier?   * What values can k take for a passive feedback amplifier?
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   * What happens if you feed back the entire output voltage?   * What happens if you feed back the entire output voltage?
  
-=== with answers ===+=== with Answers ===
  
 <WRAP group> <WRAP group>
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 {{page>circuit_design:1_quiz_1.1.1&nofooter}} {{page>circuit_design:1_quiz_1.1.1&nofooter}}
  
-<panel type="info" title="Exercise - Quiz"> <WRAP group><WRAP column 2%>{{fa>pencil?32}}</WRAP><WRAP column 92%>+<panel type="info" title="Exercise - Quiz"> <WRAP group><WRAP column 2%>{{fa>pencil?32}}</WRAP><WRAP column 88%>
 <quizlib id="quiz3" rightanswers="[['a3']]" submit="check answers"> <quizlib id="quiz3" rightanswers="[['a3']]" submit="check answers">
     <question title="What type of amplifier produces an output current $I_\rm O$ from an input voltage $U_\rm I$, such that an output voltage $U_\rm O = k \cdot U_\rm I$ with constant $k$ is produced?" type="checkbox">     <question title="What type of amplifier produces an output current $I_\rm O$ from an input voltage $U_\rm I$, such that an output voltage $U_\rm O = k \cdot U_\rm I$ with constant $k$ is produced?" type="checkbox">
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 </WRAP><WRAP column half> </WRAP><WRAP column half>
  
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 <quizlib id="quiz4" rightanswers="[['a0', 'a3']]" submit="check answers"> <quizlib id="quiz4" rightanswers="[['a0', 'a3']]" submit="check answers">
     <question title="The transfer resistance ..." type="checkbox">     <question title="The transfer resistance ..." type="checkbox">
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 </question></quizlib></WRAP></WRAP></panel> </question></quizlib></WRAP></WRAP></panel>
  
-<panel type="info" title="Exercise - Quiz"> <WRAP group><WRAP column 2%>{{fa>pencil?32}}</WRAP><WRAP column 92%>+<panel type="info" title="Exercise - Quiz"> <WRAP group><WRAP column 2%>{{fa>pencil?32}}</WRAP><WRAP column 88%>
 <quizlib id="quiz5" rightanswers="[['a0','a3']]" submit="check answers"> <quizlib id="quiz5" rightanswers="[['a0','a3']]" submit="check answers">
     <question title="An amplifier circuit..." type="checkbox">     <question title="An amplifier circuit..." type="checkbox">